Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
Copyright policy )Exposure and connectedness to natural environments: An examination of the measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups
Detachment from nature is contributing to the environmental crisis and reversing this trend requires detailed monitoring and targeted interventions to reconnect people to nature. Most tools measuring nature exposure and attachment were developed in high-income countries and little is known about their robustness across national and linguistic groups. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey to assess measurement invariance of the Nature Exposure Scale (NES) and the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). While multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA) of the NES supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, only partial scalar invariance was supported across national and linguistic groups. MG-CFA of the CNS also supported full scalar invariance across gender identities and age groups, but only partial scalar invariance of a 7-item version of the CNS across national and linguistic groups. Nation-level associations between NES and CNS scores were negligible, likely reflecting a lack of conceptual clarity over what the NES is measuring. Individual-level associations between both measures and sociodemographic variables were weak. Findings suggest that the CNS-7 may be a useful tool to measure nature connectedness globally, but measures other than the NES may be needed to capture nature exposure cross-culturally.
- Wrocław Medical University Poland
- Universität Wien Austria
- Universität Wien Austria
- University of Messina Italy
- University of Gdańsk Poland
501004 Differential psychology, Social Psychology, Psihologija, Connectedness to nature scale, Cross-cultural, Measurement invariance, Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), Nature exposure scale, Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Mg-Cfa), VDP::Social science: 200::Psychology: 260, 501004 Differentielle Psychologie, Social Sciences, Measurement Invariance, Other Psychology, [SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Connectedness to nature scale; Cross-cultural; Measurement invariance; Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA); Nature exposure scale, Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA), Connectedness to nature scale, cross-cultural, Cross-cultural studies, Nature exposure scale; Connectedness to nature scale; Measurement invariance; Cross-cultural; Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), Psychology, Connectedness To Nature Scale, Nature exposure scale, nature exposure scale, Measurement invariance, Društvene znanosti, Nature Exposure Scale, Psychometrics -- Cross-cultural studies, Environmental psychology, Well-being -- Cross-cultural studies, Connectedness to Nature Scale, Cross-cultural, Human ecology -- Psychological aspects, Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), Nature -- Effect of human beings on, measurement invariance, Cross-Cultural, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), connectedness to nature scale, Nature exposure scale Connectedness to nature scale Measurement invariance Cross-cultural Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG- CFA), [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Other Environmental Sciences
501004 Differential psychology, Social Psychology, Psihologija, Connectedness to nature scale, Cross-cultural, Measurement invariance, Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), Nature exposure scale, Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Mg-Cfa), VDP::Social science: 200::Psychology: 260, 501004 Differentielle Psychologie, Social Sciences, Measurement Invariance, Other Psychology, [SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Connectedness to nature scale; Cross-cultural; Measurement invariance; Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA); Nature exposure scale, Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA), Connectedness to nature scale, cross-cultural, Cross-cultural studies, Nature exposure scale; Connectedness to nature scale; Measurement invariance; Cross-cultural; Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), Psychology, Connectedness To Nature Scale, Nature exposure scale, nature exposure scale, Measurement invariance, Društvene znanosti, Nature Exposure Scale, Psychometrics -- Cross-cultural studies, Environmental psychology, Well-being -- Cross-cultural studies, Connectedness to Nature Scale, Cross-cultural, Human ecology -- Psychological aspects, Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), Nature -- Effect of human beings on, measurement invariance, Cross-Cultural, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA), connectedness to nature scale, Nature exposure scale Connectedness to nature scale Measurement invariance Cross-cultural Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG- CFA), [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Other Environmental Sciences
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