Constrictive pericarditis is an uncommon but treatable cause of heart failure that results from a variety of acute inflammatory processes. Corticosteroids appear to prevent the development of constriction in selected patients with active pericardial inflammation. Symptoms of right-sided heart failure usually predominate and can be adequately managed with diuretics. Complete surgical pericardiectomy remains the only definitive treatment. The mortality risk is markedly increased in patients with advanced symptoms, and surgery should be performed in earlier stages. The majority of patients (95% on average) will survive the surgery; complete relief of symptoms occurs in about 50% of survivors. Ten percent of patients will have persistent symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class III or IV) and experience poor late outcomes, however, particularly when residual myocardial dysfunction coexists.