Total joint replacement has been one of the most remarkable successes of modern medical technology. Once John Charnley had solved the problems of implant design, choice of materials, implant fixation, and infection (initial rates of infection were approximately 10%), the way was clear for the widespread use of this valuable treatment, which is highly effective at removing pain and restoring function. Unfortunately, infection still remains an important, though less common, problem. It is associated with serious morbidity (pain, loss of function, wound breakdown, wound discharge, implant failure) and sometimes mortality. It may be impossible to eradicate or suppress infection in the long term without removal of the prosthesis, and most clinicians would consider it unwise to re-implant a new prosthesis in the presence of infection. Hence, patients with infected prosthetic joints generally require multiple additional operations and prolonged periods of antibiotic therapy. Even radical attempts at cure may fail (in 10% to 15% of cases in most series), requiring further cycles of treatment with progressively deteriorating function. Thus, the treatment of prosthetic joint infection is arduous for the patient and the health care team, with no guarantee of success.