First, the terms ‘IR’ and ‘DR’ used to describe the new certificate are not mutually exclusive, and therefore should not be used for the purposes of defining two separate entities. ‘DR,’ or ‘diagnostic radiology,’ includes interventional radiology procedures. For example, a percutaneous biopsy, one of the most common IR procedures performed today is a diagnostic procedure. ‘IR’ includes many diagnostic radiology procedures (e.g., aortography, transhepatic cholangiography). Therefore, the two entities are not distinct. To refer to two distinct entities, the more appropriate descriptive terms would be ‘imaging’ and ‘intervention,’ because ‘imaging’ does not include IR procedures (in which there is generally a skin puncture) and ‘intervention,’ or interventional radiology procedures, typically includes only procedures in which there is a skin puncture. Also, the IR and DR residencies both include imaging and intervention. They both remain within the Radiology department. In other words, an interventional radiologist remains a radiologist, and a diagnostic radiologist will still be performing interventional radiology procedures. This latter point may be ‘lost’ in the perception of the IR residency; some may believe incorrectly that IR will be taught only in the IR residency. Residents in the DR residency will still be trained in interventional radiology. Residents in the IR residency will be trained in imaging. However, the IR residency will provide more training in IR procedures and peri-procedural care than the DR residency.