were reviewed. In the case of Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex, two sex-specific pheromones and their receptors were involved in sexual reproduction. These pheromones were glycoproteins and the expression of corresponding genes was critically regulated by the sex and environmental conditions. In the case of Closterium ehrenbergii, chemotactic and sexual cell division-inducing activities for mating-type plus cells were detected and characterized. Although many processes remain to be elucidated, the present results will be helpful for understanding not only the mode of sexual reproduction in Closterium but also the variety of intercellular communication in the plant kingdom especially during sexual reproduction.