
doi: 10.1007/bfb0004473
1 Int roduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 2 Occurrence and Isolation o f Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 3 The Chemical Structure o f Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.1 Amylose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 3.2 Amylopec t in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 3.3 Minor Cons t i tuents o f Starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 4 Enzymic Hydrolysis o f Starch by Soluble Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 4.1 Hydrolysis o f ~ ( l ~4) -D-Glucos id ie Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.1.1 ~ A m y l a s e [(1 ~ 4)-c~-D-Glucan Glucanohydrolase] (E.C. 3.2.1.1) . . . . . . . 139 4.1.2 B-Amylase |wD-(1 ~ 4) Glucan Maltohydrolase] (E.C. 3.2.1.2) . . . . . . . . . 142 4.1.3 Glucoamylase [(0~-l,4-Glucan Glucohydrolase)] (E.C. 3.2.1.3) . . . . . . . . . . 144 4.2 Enzymic Degradation o f a(1 ~ 6)-D-Glucosidic Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4.2.1 R-Enzymes [(a-D-(1 ~ 4) (1 --* 6) Glucan 6 .Glucanonhydrolase)] (E.C. 3.2.19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4.2.2 Pullulanase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 4.2.3 Isoamylase [a-D-(l -~ 4) (I ~ 6)-Glucan 6 .Gluconohydrolase I . . . . . . . . . . 146 4.2.4 Amylo(1 ~ 6)-Glucosidase (E.C. 3.2.1.33) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 5 Industrial App l i ca t ions -Use o f Enzymes in the Conversion o f Starch to Glucose . . . . . . 146 6 Hydrolysis o f Starch by Immobil ized Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.1 Immobil ized E n z y m e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.2 E n z y m e Reactor Types, and the Appropria te Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.3 Preparation and Applicat ions o f Immobil ized a-Amylase Derivatives . . . . . . . . . . 154 6.4 Immobil ized B-Amylase Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.5 Preparation and Applicat ions o f Immobil ized Amyloglucosidase Derivatives . . . . . 163 6.6 Immobil ized Pullulanase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.7 Immobil ized Two E n z y m e System: B-Amylase and Pullulanase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 7 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 8 Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I72 9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
| selected citations These citations are derived from selected sources. This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | 23 | |
| popularity This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network. | Average | |
| influence This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically). | Top 10% | |
| impulse This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network. | Top 10% |
