Estimation algorithms are presented for the consistent determination inflight of focal-plane distortion parameters and alignment parameters for attitude sensing instruments. The ambiguity in the specification of the parameter sets is demonstrated and a simple prescription, called SMARTCAL, is given for removing it for the case of polynomial representations of the focal-plane distortion. We demonstrate that independent calibration of attitude-sensitive scientific instruments by the investigator followed by the independent alignment of the attitude determined system by the attitude support team can lead to random walks in the calibration and alignment parameters of all instruments and sensors. Modalities are presented which avoid these parameter instabilities.