The unlimited availability of GH obtained by recombinant DNA technology has allowed optimization of treatment in GH-deficient (GHD) children. At the same time it has prompted a number of studies in conditions not characterized by GHD such as Turner syndrome, intrauterine growth retardation, chronic renal failure and other chromosomal and genetic abnormalities associated with short stature. Several controlled and uncontrolled studies have now reported the adult height of patients with short stature and normal GH secretion. Critical reviewing of the data shows that some short non-GHD children may benefit from a prolonged treatment with GH. However, further studies are needed in order to be able to identify the subjects for whom treatment is really beneficial.