Since the normative values of thyroid volume ultrasonography results from European schoolchildren were endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), few studies have addressed the limitation of the recommended references as universal normative values for thyroid volume. Our objective was to describe thyroid volume measured by ultrasonography in Tehranian schoolchildren and compare them with the WHO normative values. Cross-sectional studies were performed in 2016 schoolchildren, aged 6-15 yr, in Tehran 10 yr after distribution of iodized salt. Data were collected on age, sex, weight, height, thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography, and urinary iodine. Age/sex and body surface area (BSA) upper limits (97th percentile) of thyroid volume were derived. The goiter prevalence was 42% by palpation, 31% grade 1 and 11% grade 2. Median urinary iodine was 21.2 microg/dl. The 97th percentiles were comparable in girls and boys of all ages. Applying the WHO thyroid volume references to the Tehranian children, they did not show any enlarged thyroid based on BSA and on age, even in 11% of children with grade 2 (visible) goiter. In the Tehranian children, the best predictors of thyroid volume were BSA, height and weight. Using linear regression, the 97th percentile of thyroid volume from Tehranian children were lower than the corresponding references from the WHO normative values. The results indicate that a thyroid volume reference based on weight alone would perform as well as the one based on BSA. In addition, until the adoption of a new applicable international reference for thyroid volume, the use of local reference in the screening of children for thyroid enlargement is recommended.