The contribution of the Radium Institute to the establishment and development of Russian atomic science and technology is examined in a historical review based on the scientific and organizational, relations with the Russian Academy of Sciences. The basic scientific achievements obtained at the Institute when it was part of the Academy system are noted: creation of the radium industry in Russia, discovery of the spontaneous fission of uranium, construction and startup of the first cyclotron in Europe, determination of the laws govering the distribution of trace elements in solution (gas)-solid phase systems development and adoption of the first Soviet technology for obtaining weapons plutonium. The integrated nature of the research, characteristic for the Institute from the moment the Institute wa formed to the present is shown. Scientific schools in nuclear physics, radiochemistry, and radiogeochemistry were established at the Institute, and are still operating, in connection with the work of outstanding Russian scientists.