46 patients with chronic prostatitis or chronic urethritis were examined for anaerobic infections in the urine and in the prostate. The patients underwent a thorough urological examination. Anaerobic and aerobic cultures were made, both from transperineal biopsy material and from urine and prostatic secretion. The technique of anaerobic culture was based on a transport time for the clinical samples of less than 1/2 h, as well as on the use of the “glove-box” technique and pre-reduced media. Anaerobic bacteriuria was found in 1 out of 46 patients, but in no case were anaerobic bacteria localized with certainty to the prostatic tissue, the prostatic secretion or the urethra.