This literature review reports on secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke. The aim of secondary prevention is to protect patients who belong to a risk group from the occurrence of brain infarction. Symptomatic patients with a demonstrated carotid artery stenosis of 70% and more will most probably benefit from carotid endarterectomy if performed by a skilled surgeon in the absence of contraindications. Oral anticoagulant drugs play a minor role in the medical prevention of brain infarction. Antiplatelet drugs, however, have been in use for almost two decades and (meta-)analysis of clinical trials points to acetylsalicylic acid as a drug with a modest but certain contribution of about 15% in the endpoint reduction, even at lower dosages. The addition of dipyridamole to classic acetylsalicylic acid dose appears to increase the endpoint reduction to 30%. Neither dipyridamole nor sulfinpyrazone as monotherapy have been demonstrated to be efficacious in the secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke. Ticlopidine seems a promising alternative for acetylsalicylic acid in those patients who suffer adverse effects from acetylsalicylic acid. Ticlopidine itself, however, has a number of side-effects that limit its application. New clinical trials are under way in order to improve the efficacy of drug treatment in the secondary prevention of brain infarction.