
doi: 10.1007/bf01720708
Constraint-basierte Logikprogrammierung ist ein neues und auch fur das Operations Research vielversprechendes Gebiet der Kunstlichen Intelligenz. Eine logikorientierte Programmiersprache generiert zulassige Losungen eines Constraint-Satisfaction-Problems, dessen Beschreibung auf einer Menge logischer Aussagen und einer Anzahl von Nebenbedingungen basiert. Ein Constraint-Satisfaction-Problem besteht aus einer Menge von Variablen sowie einer Menge von Nebenbedingungen uber diesen Variablen. Gesucht ist eine zulassige Wertezuweisung der Variablen, als Teilmenge des cartesischen Produkts der Variablenwertebereiche, die allen Nebenbedingungen genugt. Traditionelle Losungsverfahren basieren auf einer Suche mittels Backtracking. Konsistenzprufungen von Variablenwertzuweisungen konnen dabei die Effizienz des Suchverfahrens wesentlich erhohen, da neues, implizit vorhandenes Wissen uber den Suchraum aus der Menge der Nebenbedingungen erschlossen und genutzt wird. Constraint-basierte Logiksprachen reduzieren wahrend der Losungssuche die Variablenwertebereiche automatisch, so daβ nur noch node- und arc-konsistente Relationen betrachtet werden. CHARME [7, 8] ist eine derartige Programmiersprache, in der modellnahe Implementierungen parametergesteuerte Suchstrategien zulassen, die u. U. Probleme der Kombinatorischen Optimierung effizient losbar machen. Constraint logic programming is a relatively new area of research in Artficial Intelligence that holds an immense promise for Operations Researchers. The idea is to provide a logic programming language that accepts a series of logic statements and (arithmetic) constraints and then is capable to generate a feasible solution to the underlying constraint satisfaction problem. Informally, a constraint satisfaction problem is posed as follows. Given a set of variables and a set of constraints, each specifying a relation on a particular subset of the variables, find the relation on the set of all variables which satisfies all the given constraints. The required solution relation is a subset of the cartesian product of the variable domains. Traditionally, backtrack search is used to solve constraint satisfaction problems. In order to overcome the inefficiency of a simple backtrack search consistency checks among variable value assignments were incorporated introducing new knowledge by constraint based reasoning to reduce the search space and discover failures earlier. Most common are node- and arc-consistency checks the only ones which are also implicity introduced in recent constraint based logic programming languages. CHARME [7, 8] is such a programming language, a general modeling language and problem solver that allows to find model-based implementations and provides guided backtrack search which can lead to efficient and competitive search strategies for certain problems in combinatorial optimization.
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