Colonies ofCoptotermes lacteus (Froggatt) from a site in coastal south-eastern Australia were experimentally orphaned in early 1989. Sample colonies were examined 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 or 30 months later for their caste composition, the presence of replacement reproductives and brood. All replacement reproductives were nymphoid neotenics. The number of functional (physogastric) females ranged from 1 to 27; this variability was maintained irrespective of the length of time between orphaning and inspection of the colonies. The average live mass of individual females stayed at 30 to 40 mg over the period of 6 to 30 months after orphaning in groups of more than five neotenic queens, but increased from 38 mg three months after orphaning to about 125 mg after 24 months in colonies headed by fewer than five neotenic females. The combined live mass of neotenic females could approach or even exceed that of primary queens. Two key features characterized experimentally and naturally orphaned, neotenic-headed colonies: (1) Nymphs differentiated in significant numbers all year round for a period of at least 30 months right from the time neotenics commenced breeding (in primary-headed colonies nymph production is strictly seasonal). (2) All or most nymphs were males (in primary-headed colonies the sex ratio of nymphs is more or less balanced). The mechanism(s) for achieving the male-biased sex ratio is (are) unknown. Even when colonies have resumed breeding with the help of neotenics, colony survival is not guaranteed. Under such circumstances the gene pool is best preserved if colonies were to raise and release large numbers of alates as potential founders of new colonies. By producing largely male nymphs orphaned colonies ensure outbreeding and may prevent competition (and its disruptive impact an breeding) between existing reproducing neotenic queens and newly differentiating female neotenics. Competition between male neotenics is unlikely to have any impact on the rate of brood production and therefore would not require a mechanism to prevent it from occurring.