We studied the reproductive behavior of the ponerine antHypoponera bondroiti from Okinawa, Japan. This species has dimorphic wingless ergatoid males (major and minor), dimorphic reproductive females (alate queens and wingless reproductive intercastes), and workers. Workers have neither ovarioles nor spermatheca. Major ergatoid males are the largest colony members. Two major males fought one another in the nest until one disappeared, leaving the other to occupy the nest chambers where queens emerge and mate. Minor ergatoid males also fought one another, although they seemed to be less pugnacious, resulting in occasional cohabitation of multiple minor males in the same nest chamber. Major males never attacked minor ones, allowing them to coexist in the same nest chamber. Minor males seemed to mimic females. Both major and minor males mated with both alate queens and intercastes within the nest. After mating, some alate queens shed their wings and remained in the nest, while the others left the nest for dispersal in the laboratory. Intercastes remained in the nest.