1. Thermomechanical treatment improves the mechanical characteristics because of a) decrease of the size of grains of the original γ-phase in steel and the grains of the β-phase in titanium alloys as well as the size of the martensite platelets; b) the change in the ratio of the phase components (for average values of plastic deformation the plasticity becomes maximum when the maximum amount of the residual γ-phase or β-phase remains in the quenched alloy; c) the increase of the density of structural imperfections in the original phase remaining in martensite after deformation (added to those occurring in the martensite as the result of transformation). 2. We have shown the peculiar effect of the deformation of austenite on the fine structure of martensite: deformation of austenite resulting from thermomechanical treatment induces precipitation of carbon and increases the martensitic transformation point.