The filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been examined for salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment. Salinities up to 150% seawater had little effect on growth yield or photosynthetic O2 evolution; higher salinities were markedly inhibitory. Osmotic adjustment was achieved by the intracellular accumulation of the low-molecular-weight carbohydrate glucosyl-glycerol in response to increased external salinity: in fullstrength (100%) seawater glucosyl-glycerol accounted for approximately 5.0% of the dry weight of the cyanobacterium. Trehalose was also present, particularly in cells at low salt concentration, and in 50% seawater medium accounted for up to 1.0% of the dry weight of the cyanobacterium. For cells grown in 100% seawater the ratio of trehalose to glucosyl-glycerol varied with temperature: at 37°C trehalose comprised 31% (w/w) of the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates while at 20°C only 9% of the total was trehalose. When subjected to hypo-osmotic shock the intracellular concentration of glucosyl-glycerol decreased and this was mirrored by an increase in glycogen. An understanding of the osmotic adjustment of S. platensis has implications both for the mass culturing of this and other strains of Spirulina and possibly also for the quality of the harvested product.