A 76-year-old male with chief complaints of back and right leg sciatica was hospitalized. His abdominal CT scan revealed lumber spondylitic stenosis. A laminectomy was performed. Postoperatively, he became febrile, aphasic and had grand mal seizure. A left craniotomy of the front abscess, seen in the CT scan, was performed. H and E stained smears of drainage revealed dematiaceous, septate hyphae. Cultures of the abscess drainage grew an olivaceous-grey fungus. Based on macro- and micro-morphological characters, growth at 42 degrees C, and exoantigenic analysis, the patient's fungus was identified as Xylohypha bantiana. Treatment with amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine was initiated. Despite surgical procedures and antifungal therapy, the patient's condition deteriorated and he died a few weeks later due to cerebral edema. The case reported here is the first microscopically, culturally, histopathologically and exoantigenically proven case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by X. bantiana in the province of Alberta and from Canada. A review of the literature on cases of X. bantiana infections has also been presented.