Aluminum was determined in serum samples obtained from 533 Saudi female pupils aged 6-8 years who attended primary public school in Riyadh City, Capital of Saudi Arabia. The aluminum mean value was 23.21 +/- 15.25 micrograms l(-1) in the range of 5.98-206.93 micrograms l(-1). Serum aluminum levels of pupils attending the Northern school area were higher than levels found in pupils from other school areas (Southern, Eastern and Central). Renal variables had no correlation with serum aluminum. On the other hand, a significant positive correlation was found between serum aluminium above 49.2 micrograms l(-1) and urea (r = 0.6, P < 0.002). Although 53% of the screened schools had aluminum in water above the European Union (EU) acceptable limit of 50 micrograms l(-1), there were no differences in aluminum in water between the four different school areas in Riyadh. Factors such as drinking water, diet and the use of aluminum utensils may have contributed to this result. As there is a bulk of literature which highlights the adverse developmental effects of aluminum on children and infants, it would be advantageous to establish regular aluminum monitoring.