All materials depending upon their type and the microstructure respond differently under external loading conditions. A precise and accurate determination of the resultant material properties, therefore, is the first important step in the material selection process and their subsequent efficient utilization in construction projects. Material characterization plays a pivotal role in this context and is an important part of any project planning and design process. This chapter describes details of different sensors and equipments along with other ways and means to characterize the material response. It also presents a set of broad guidelines to select appropriate testing equipments and testing operations to achieve this objective. Calibration framework is also presented to keep the equipments in the good running conditions.