Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a refractory disease caused by the disruption or impairment of blood supply to the femoral head. It is followed by the death of osteocytes and bone marrow as well as subsequent bone repair, which in turn leads to the structural changes and collapse of the femoral head, and joint dysfunction. Since Munro first described ONFH in 1738, scholars around the world have conducted a lot of research work on it. This disease is more likely to occur in young and middle-aged people (30–50 years old), mostly bilateral, and the risk is much higher in Asian populations. Its incidence is estimated to be 10,000 to 20,000 new cases per year in the United States. Meanwhile, there are 50,000–100,000 new cases per year in China, which is the highest in the world. Once ONFH occurs in the patient, the necrosis of trabecular bone and bone marrow in the femoral head will take place. Then the cystic changes in the subchondral bone and collapses of articular cartilage ensue, leading to the secondary joint degeneration and osteophytes formation. It eventually leads to painful osteoarthritis, with the loss of hip function. The difficulty of the ONFH treatment and the subsequent high disability rate has brought huge economic and spiritual burdens to the patients, their families, and the entire society.