Worldwide, anterior uveitis predominates as the most prevalent anatomic subtype of intraocular inflammation, and up to one-third of these cases are attributable to infection. By far, herpetic etiologies outweigh all other causes of infectious anterior uveitis; however, bacterial pathogens, such as syphilis, tuberculosis, and less so, Lyme disease, have an important role. In vivo confocal microscopy and other ancillary, clinic-based tests may have increasing diagnostic potential, but a definitive diagnosis often relies upon aqueous fluid analysis. Treatment depends upon the inciting pathogen. Specific antimicrobial, along with concurrent topical corticosteroid, may mitigate the development of ocular complications, such as cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal pathology. However, disease course and outcomes vary significantly, depending upon the microbe, host immune response, and effectiveness of therapy.