Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a potent hematopoietic protein that promotes the development and function of granulocytes and mobilizes stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow. Recent studies have shown that G-CSF also directly influences the activity of some non-hematopoietic cells, such as cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and neurons via G-CSF receptor. This chapter provides an overview of the preclinical and clinical reports to demonstrate the usefulness and the current limitations of the therapeutic strategy using G-CSF for ischemic diseases.