As we discussed in the first chapter of this monograph, the descent to very low fertility of the three East Asian study countries unfolded at different stages of their social and economic developments. While sharing the Confucian cultural heritage and similar stories of postwar economic boom, each country followed its own path of social and economic changes under different policy environments. The expansion of market economies, combined with the erosion of traditional Confucian familial cultural values (Bumpass and Choe 2004; Choe et al. 2014), has restructured these East Asian societies, leading to profound changes in many aspects of family life, including marriage and childbearing.