Quality management will have an increasing impact on the field of clinical neurosciences. The neuropathological examination of surgical or autopsy samples obtained from the central nervous system (CNS) and related structures, cerebrospinal fluid, peripheral nerve or skeletal muscle serves three major purposes: to identify a structural correlate of the disease, provide a reliable basis for treatment strategies and to investigate underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In order to achieve histopathological diagnosis at a consistent quality, quality management and control have to be implemented at different levels. At the local site, these concern neuropathological services, such as acquisition of tissue specimens, handling and staining procedures as well as diagnostic examination. Training programs offered in slide seminars and diagnostic workshops are important tools to highlight new developments and maintain high standards. National reference centers for brain tumors, neurodegenerative disorders, prion or muscle and nerve diseases assist with a second opinion in difficult cases and support epidemiological as well as clinical therapy trials. An international panel of neuropathologists has established guidelines for the classification of brain tumors, recently updated during a WHO 2000 consensus conference. Finally, the standardized histopathological and cytological diagnosis of CNS disorders plays also an important role in providing quality control for associated fields of the clinical neurosciences, such as neuroradiology, neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery.