
Public-key cryptosystems are based on modular arithmetic. In this section, we summarize the concepts and results from algebra and number theory which are necessary for an understanding of the cryptographic methods. Textbooks on number theory and modular arithmetic include [HarWri79], [IreRos82], [Rose94], [Forster96] and [Rosen2000]. This section is also intended to establish notation. We assume that the reader is familiar with the elementary notions of algebra, such as groups, rings and fields.
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