Toxic gas inhalation injuries occur as the result of occupational or domestic accidents, smoke inhalation, or military exposure. Most noxious inhalants directly irritate or damage the mucosa of the pharynx and tracheobronchial tree, producing erythema, edema, laryngospasm, and bronchospasm [272]. On occasion, mucosal ulceration and sloughing also occur. If the dose and the toxicity of the inhaled agent is great enough (ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen, sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, phosgene, sulfur dioxide), the alveolocapillary barrier can be disrupted, causing noncardiogenic pulmonary edema [29, 128, 313, 320].