In this chapter we discuss the relationship between changes in a country’s age structure and its economic growth and productivity. We summarize the recent literature on the impact of a country’s age structure on economic growth and relate the results to our own empirical findings. Our results indicate a positive impact of the age group 50–64 on economic growth. Moreover, a high proportion of people in the age group 15–29 facilitate technology absorption. The use of matched employer–employee data sets allows us to estimate age-productivity profiles at the firm level. Considering all firms in the data set reveals a negative productivity effect of the share of older workers (50+). Considering only large firms reveals no impact of the age structure in the mining and manufacturing industries and a negative impact of the share of younger workers for the non-manufacturing sector.