
Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) refers to brain activity modulation without invasive maneuvers. In this chapter, we discuss the two main NIBS techniques, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We explain the basic principles behind these two techniques, and the available data on their safety and effectiveness. We also discuss some of their main clinical applications in the adult and pediatric populations, providing a deeper view of their effects as well as the unique challenges of research in this field.
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