Transoral robotic surgery has proven to be an effective option for the management of different lesions involving several sub-sites of the head and neck, with the oropharynx the most commonly addressed one. Anatomical knowledge has been always and it is still now the fundamental premise to safely perform surgery. In transoral robotic procedures, historical external landmarks have less importance and “new” ones need to be outlined. In this chapter we have tried to offer a step-by-step logical approach to the surgical anatomy of the oropharynx and the supraglottic larynx focusing on the transoral perspective.