In this chapter we discuss the problem of reconstructing two-dimensional stellar surface maps from the variability of intensity and/or polarisation profiles of spectral lines. We start by outlining the main principles of the scalar Doppler imaging problem concerned with recovering maps of chemical spots, temperature or brightness from the intensity spectra. After presenting the physical and mathematical foundations of this remote sensing method, we review its applications to mapping different types of spots in early-type chemically peculiar and late-type active stars, and non-radial pulsations in early-type stars. We also discuss an extension of Doppler imaging to the problem of recovering vector distributions of stellar magnetic fields from spectropolarimetric observations and review applications of this Zeeman Doppler imaging technique in the context of stellar magnetism studies.