Numerous molecular tests for prostate and bladder cancers, and to a lesser extent, testis and kidney cancers, are commercially sold and rely on readily available antibodies. In prostate cancer, prognostic testing for low to intermediate (Gleason 3 + 4 = 7) cancers is gaining momentum. Diagnostic tests for prostate cancer are available that have responded to the low sensitivity of the serum PSA test by measuring other molecules in the serum or urine. For urinary bladder cancer, fluorescent in situ hybridization, using urine or bladder washing specimens, is the mainstay of molecular tests to supplement diagnostic accuracy. However, other tests such as the BTA Stat test, NMP22, and FGFR3 mutation tests, are gaining a role in patient management. In testicular cancer, the main role of molecular diagnostics is through immunostaining, although cytogenetics can play a role in rare cases. In kidney cancer, analysis for VHL mutation may be ordered in selected cases; and an abundance of new tumor types has been recently characterized, each bearing characteristic genetic alterations.