As a result of the emergence of the internet and social media, the public space has gained in democracy what it has lost in providing citizens with guidance in the midst of a chaotic communication environment. The methods for combating lies in a democracy are limited and full of paradoxes that must be taken into account, both from an epistemological point of view and in terms of democratic legitimacy. The distinction between fake news and falsified news can be very helpful in this regard.

Published online: 10 January 2026