
Do you see any difference between these two pandas? I bet the answer is no; we don’t have any doubt on saying that both of them represent a panda. But as shown by Goodfellow et al. (2014), the first one has been classified as a panda by a NN with 55.7% confidence, while the second has been classified by the same NN as a gibbon with 99.3% confidence. What is happening here? The first thoughts are about some mistakes in designing or training the NN, but the point that will emerge from this chapter is that this mistake in classification is due to an adversarial attack
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