Cambodia, situated in mainland Southeast Asia, shares a border with Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, and the Gulf of Thailand and has a population of approximately 16 million people. Despite its relatively small size, Cambodia has a large number of patients with renal disease. In the aftermath of the Pol Pot regime (1975–1979), much of the educated workforce was decimated, and since 1979, the country has been rebuilt entirely from the ground up. Even with the enormous efforts made, there are still few trained nephrologists and dialysis centers available. Also, as a lower-middle-income country, financial hardship has become a huge problem for people who become hospitalized, especially hemodialysis patients. The first hemodialysis center, the Chea Sim Dialysis Center, opened in 1997 at Calmette Hospital in Phnom Penh. With a rapid increase in the number of patients requiring dialysis, the number of hemodialysis centers now surpasses ten, nationwide. In 2016, the Cambodian Association of Nephrology was established to improve the quality of nephrology care and to train the next generation of nephrologists and personnel who will work in the field of nephrology and hemodialysis. Several effective medical procedures, such as renal biopsy, continuous peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplantation, have yet to be approved in Cambodia. Progress is being made, but there is still much to do.