This chapter introduces the main theme of the present book—arbitration and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). It provides comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of the interplay between arbitration and the ECHR, in particular by introducing the different approaches of applicability of the ECHR to arbitration and examining the existing case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the relationship between arbitration and human rights norms enshrined in the ECHR, in particular the right to a fair trial under Article 6(1) of the ECHR. It is intended as an all-encompassing examination of the practice and attitude of the European Court of Human Rights vis-a-vis arbitration, geared towards the more specific subject focus of this book, namely setting-aside proceedings, in particular, exclusion agreements and the phenomenon of total lack of setting-aside proceedings in national arbitration law.