This chapter discusses the new Polish state policy on the Roma minority, strongly influenced by the development of the European Union policy on the Roma. In the second part of the chapter, we present a case study using ethnographic data collected over several years on changes in how non-Roma in a Polish Carpathian village describe their relations with inhabitants of a neighboring Roma settlement. We analyze certain phenomena recurring in the discourses of state officials and decision-makers responsible for implementing the Roma policy. The core element of our approach is to contrast the administrative discourse with local patterns of common-sense thinking.