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Electrically Driven Implantable Prostheses

Authors: Alan J. Spotnitz; Michael Bilitch; Barouh V. Berkovits; Alvin J. Salkind; Boone B. Owens; Kenneth B. Stokes;

Electrically Driven Implantable Prostheses

Abstract

The electrochemical and electrical nature of muscular and biological reactions has been known for centuries. The work of Galvani in the eighteenth century in his famous frog leg experiment as a Professor of Anatomy at Padua University, led to Volta’s experiments and epochal discovery of the production of electricity by electrochemical reactions. Galvani also observed what is now known as “injury potential,” the voltage difference between an injured area and the surrounding tissue. The existence of dc or time-varying electrical activity with the majority of physical and chemical processes in living organisms has also been well established. More recently, the electrophysiological aspects of living tissue were investigated by Drs. Yasuda and Fukada.(1)

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
2
Average
Average
Average
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