Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) is a noninvasive neuroimaging technique that enables quantification of brain function over time with an unprecedented balance of temporal and spatial resolution. FMRI has shown great utility in cognitive neuroscience and clinical research. Targets of FMRI investigations usually involve the neural networks associated with discrete cognitive challenges (broadly defined to include all brain processes, such as emotional, motivational, sensory, and motor challenges).