Postoperative patients are prone to develop infectious complications, and the phenomenon of immunoparalysis, defined as a diminished capacity of immunocompetent cells to respond to infectious agents, has been implicated as a major contributing factor. When inflammatory postoperative disorders are already established, intervention is difficult. However, if perioperative modulation of the inflammatory response were possible, this may influence postoperative outcome. General anesthetics exert a variety of effects, including sedation, amnesia, and analgesia. Current research focuses primarily on the effects of these compounds on membrane proteins in the central nervous system (CNS), to elucidate the molecular mechanism of their action. The (side-) effects of general anesthetics on other organ systems have been less extensively investigated. In this chapter, we will discuss the data available on the immunomodulatory effects of general anesthetics and the potential clinical implications of these effects on the development of (postoperative) infections.