The translation mechanism of chloroplast mRNAs originated as prokaryotic-type, but has sinceevolved considerably. Chloroplast translation became, in large part, uncoupled from transcription,and turned into a highly regulated process. Concomitantly, chloroplast ribosomes, general translationfactors, and transcripts changed substantially from their prokaryotic counterparts. A multitudeof nucleus encoded regulatory proteins evolved that interact in a specific manner with elementsin mRNAs to allow translation regulation in response to environmental and developmental cues. Inthis chapter, we sum up the current knowledge regarding the translation machinery in the chloroplastusing examples of mechanisms utilized for chloroplast translation regulation.