Splicing of precursor messenger RNA (pre‐mRNA) removes the intervening sequences (introns) and joins the expressed regions (exons) in the nucleus, before an intron‐containing eukaryotic mRNA transcript can be exported and translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. While some sequences are always included or excluded (constitutive splicing), others can be selectively used (alternative splicing) in this process. Particularly by alternative splicing, up to tens of thousands of variant transcripts can be produced from a single gene, which contributes greatly to the proteomic diversity for such complex cellular functions as ‘wiring’ neurons in the nervous system. Disruption of this process leads to aberrant splicing, which accounts for the defects of up to 50% of mutations that cause certain human genetic diseases. In this review, we describe the different mechanisms of aberrant splicing that cause or have been associated with neurological diseases. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:631–649. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1184This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development