Abstract Starch is the main component of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) flour, and its quality directly affects the processing quality of the final product. To investigate the genetic basis of starch, this study assessed the starch quality traits of 341 winter wheat varieties/lines grown in Emin and Qitai during the years 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. A genome‐wide association study was conducted with the genotype data obtained from wheat 40K breeding chips using the mixed linear model. Wheat starch quality traits exhibited coefficients of variation ranging from 1.43% to 23.66% and broad‐sense heritabilities between 0.37 and 0.87. All traits followed an approximately normal distribution, except for T. There were highly significant correlations among starch quality traits, with the strongest correlation observed between final viscosity (FV) and trough viscosity (TV) ( r = 0.748), followed by peak viscosity and breakdown (BD) ( r = 0.679). Thirty‐four single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers significantly and stably associated with starch quality traits were identified, clustering in 31 genetic loci. These included one locus for TV, six loci for BD, three loci for FV, two loci for peak time (PT), 12 loci for T, five loci for falling number, and two loci for damaged starch. One PT‐related block of 410 kb was identified in the region of 596 Mb on chromosome 5A, where significant phenotypic differences were observed between different haplotypes. One Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) marker for T was developed on chromosome 7B, and two KASP markers for BD were developed on chromosome 7A. Four candidate genes possibly affecting BD during grain development were identified on chromosome 7A, including TraesCS7A02G225100.1 , TraesCS7A02G225900.1 , TraesCS7A02G226400.1 , and TraesCS7A02G257100.1 . The results have significant implications for utilizing marker‐assisted selection in breeding to improve wheat starch quality.