ABSTRACTSeawater contains approximately 4.5 billion tons of dissolved uranium, making it a significant potential source of nuclear fuel. However, the low uranium concentration, interference from competing ions, and the complex marine environment pose major challenges to the economic feasibility of uranium extraction. Among various extraction methods, adsorption is considered the most promising due to its low cost, simple operation, and strong adaptability to marine conditions. Current research primarily focuses on developing high‐performance adsorbent materials, including polymers, MXene, framework materials, and bio‐based adsorbents. To optimize adsorbent performance, efforts are directed toward enhancing adsorption selectivity, increasing functional group utilization, improving adsorption kinetics, and strengthening environmental adaptability. Researchers have explored various strategies to achieve these goals, such as ion imprinting, functional group engineering, and the application of external energy fields (e.g., light, electric fields) to enhance adsorption efficiency and uranium recovery. Although significant progress has been made in laboratory settings, real‐world marine applications still face critical challenges, including biofouling resistance, large‐scale engineering deployment, and efficient recovery. Future research efforts should focus on developing novel adsorbents, advancing external field‐assisted extraction technologies, and optimizing large‐scale engineering applications to enhance the practicality of seawater uranium extraction, ultimately making it a viable source of nuclear fuel.