Aliphatic polyesters derived from lactides of various configurations (LL, DD, and DL) are promising as materials not only for packaging and for production of many other commonly used polymer products but also for unique medical applications. This paper describes current situation in synthesis and major applications of polylactides. Results of basic studies of “classical” polymerization of lactides prepared with stannous carboxylates or alkoxides, allowing to obtain polymers with molar masses (Mn) up to 106 g/mol and with the low content of tin are also presented. There are discussed advantages and disadvantages of catalyzing/initiating systems that contain zinc, magnesium, calcium, and other metal carboxylates and alkoxides as well as strong organic base initiators. Syntheses of polylactides with well defined microstructure are described. Characteristic features of bulk, solution, and dispersion polymerizations are compared. An outlook for development of polylactide production and applications is presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.