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Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
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https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.0...
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY
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PubMed Central
Article . 2025
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Generalization of Optimal Control Saturation Pulse Design for Robust and High CEST Contrast

Authors: Clemens Stilianu; Markus Huemer; Moritz Zaiss; Rudolf Stollberger;

Generalization of Optimal Control Saturation Pulse Design for Robust and High CEST Contrast

Abstract

ABSTRACT Purpose Optimal control (OC) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) pulse design for singular pulses that can be used flexibly and robustly with high saturation at different duty cycles, saturation durations, and magnetic field strengths. Theory and Methods An OC framework was developed to design a single‐pulse shape that can be flexibly applied for arbitrary pulse train parameters and outperform typically used CEST saturation pulse shapes. The pulse design was developed primarily with a continuous‐wave (CW) spectrum as the optimization target, but can be easily adapted to specific scenarios. The generalized OC pulse was evaluated through simulations, a phantom, and in vivo measurements on a 3 T clinical scanner. Performance was assessed in terms of contrast, robustness to field inhomogeneities, and resilience against artifacts such as Rabi oscillations and sidebands, compared to established saturation techniques. Results Investigations showed that the generalized OC pulse achieved a contrast matching CW saturation and also functioned well under field inhomogeneities. Low‐pass filtering of the optimized pulse shape effectively suppressed artifacts outside the initial optimization frequency range, enabling generalization across different field strengths. Phantom experiments consistently showed higher contrast than Gaussian, Fermi, and adiabatic spin‐lock (aSL) pulses for various CEST agents covering most clinically relevant regimes. In vivo imaging demonstrated substantially enhanced CEST contrast for both creatine/phosphocreatine in muscle and amide proton transfer (APT) in the brain compared to Gaussian saturation. Conclusion The generalized OC pulse provides a robust and flexible alternative to conventional CEST saturation strategies. Its integration into the open‐source Pulseq‐CEST framework supports simple reproducibility and a vendor‐independent implementation.

Keywords

Spectroscopic Methodology, Phantoms, Imaging, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Humans, Brain, Reproducibility of Results, Computer Simulation, Artifacts, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Algorithms

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
1
Average
Average
Average
Green
hybrid
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