AbstractMpox is a zoonotic illness caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus family. Although a few cases have been reported outside Africa, it was originally regarded as an endemic disease limited to African countries. However, the Mpox outbreak of 2022 was remarkable in that the infection spread to more than 123 countries worldwide, causing thousands of infections and deaths. The ongoing Mpox outbreak has been declared as a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. For a better management and control of the epidemic, this review summarizes the research advances and important scientific findings on MPXV by reviewing the current literature on epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, prevention and treatment measures, and animal models of MPXV. This review provides useful information to raise awareness about the transmission, symptoms, and protective measures of MPXV, serving as a theoretical guide for relevant institutions to control MPXV.