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Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy
Article . 2025 . Peer-reviewed
License: Wiley Online Library User Agreement
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Ankles intermalleolar distance influences knee and ankle joint line obliquity independent of arthrosis presence or severity

Authors: Yavuz Şahbat; Ahmed Mabrouk; Soner Özcan; Fırat Gülağacı; Matthieu Ollivier; Barış Kocaoğlu;

Ankles intermalleolar distance influences knee and ankle joint line obliquity independent of arthrosis presence or severity

Abstract

Abstract Purpose Lower extremity coronal alignment parameters include varus, neutral, and valgus alignment as well as knee and ankle joint line obliquity (KJLO and AJLO). KJLO and AJLO are influenced by the intermalleolar distance during long‐leg standing radiographs (LSRs). This study quantifies the impact of intermalleolar distance on KJLO and AJLO during LSRs and evaluates whether it varies with osteoarthritis severity. Methods Radiologic analysis was conducted on 134 extremities. LSRs were obtained with the malleoli in contact and the feet placed shoulder‐width apart. Two blinded observers assessed the KJLO, AJLO and other lower extremity alignment parameters in two LSRs positions (open and closed). The coronal plane alignment of the knee (CPAK) and Hirschmann classifications were determined. Patients were categorised into three groups based on osteoarthritis severity: nonarthritic, early‐stage osteoarthritis, and advanced‐stage osteoarthritis. Differences between the osteoarthritis severity groups were analysed using analysis of variance. Based on the power analysis, the minimum required sample size was determined to be 42 extremities per group. Results The mean delta intermalleolar distance between the closed and open was 13.6 ± 4.8 cm with no significant difference across the osteoarthritis severity groups. Both KJLO and AJLO differed significantly different between the open and closed images ( p < 0.001), with the medial apex shifting proximally in the closed position ( p < 0.001). Linear regression showed that each 1 cm reduction in the intermalleolar distance resulted in 0.39° deviation in the KJLO ( p < 0.001), and 0.35° deviation in the AJLO ( p = 0.01). No significant differences in delta values were observed across osteoarthritis groups ( p > 0.05 for all). CPAK and Hirschmann classifications exhibited major subtype shifts in 6% and 25% of cases, respectively, but these differences were not statistically significant (CPAK: p = 0.69, Hirschmann: p = 0.070). Conclusion Knee and ankle joint obliquity are influenced by intermalleolar distance, independent of osteoarthritis severity. In LSRs imaging, standardising intermalleolar distance is crucial. Clinicians should account for deviations of 0.39° in KJLO and 0.35° in AJLO per centimetre of malleolar distance difference to ensure accurate measurements. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective cohort study.

Country
Turkey
Keywords

ankle joint line obliquity, Male, Adult, Knee Joint, CPAK classification, long-leg standing radiographs, Middle Aged, Osteoarthritis, Knee, knee joint line obliquity, Severity of Illness Index, Radiography, Osteoarthritis, Humans, Female, Hirschmann classification, Ankle Joint, Aged

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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