Mildronate, a carnitine congener drug, previously has been shown to provide neuroprotection in an azidothymidine‐induced mouse model of neurotoxicity and in a Parkinson's disease rat model. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mildronate treatment on cognition and pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model mice (APPSweDI). Mildronate was administered i.p. daily at 50 or 100 mg/kg for 28 days. At the end of treatment, the animals were behaviorally and cognitively tested, and brains were assessed for AD‐related pathology, inflammation, synaptic markers, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The data show that mildronate treatment significantly improved animal performance in water maze and social recognition tests, lowered amyloid‐β deposition in the hippocampus, increased expression of the microglia marker Iba‐1, and decreased AChE staining, although it did not alter expression of proteins involved in synaptic plasticity (GAP‐43, synaptophysin, and GAD67). Taken together, these findings indicate mildronate's ability to improve cognition and reduce amyloid‐β pathology in a mouse model of AD and its possible therapeutic utility as a disease‐modifying drug in AD patients. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.