AbstractBackgroundExamine baseline factors associated with a new diagnosis of opioid use disorder (OUD) within 12 months postdischarge among opioid‐naïve patients who received an opioid prescription in the inpatient setting.Design/SettingRetrospective cohort (surgery and nonsurgery) study of opioid‐naive patients who had at least one prescription for an opioid during an inpatient hospitalist between 2014 and 2017.ParticipantsTwenty‐three thousand and thirty‐three patients were included.ObjectiveThe primary objective was to determine baseline factors associated with a new OUD diagnosis within 12 months of discharge. Baseline covariates included demographic information, clinical characteristics, medication use, characteristics related to index hospital encounter, and discharge location.Findings2.1% of the sample had a new diagnosis of OUD within a year after receiving an opioid during hospital admission. Patients between ages 25 and 34 had higher odds of a new OUD diagnosis compared to those 65 years of age and older (odds ratio [OR]: 6.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.02–12.1 [nonsurgery] and 4.69, 95% CI: 2.63–8.37 [surgery]). Patients from a high opioid geo‐rank region had higher odds of OUD diagnosis (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.31–3.31 [nonsurgery] and 1.80, 95% CI: 1.03–3.15 [surgery]). History of nonopioid‐related drug disorder, tobacco use disorder, mental health conditions, and gabapentin use 12 months prior to index date and white race were associated with higher odds of new OUD diagnosis.ConclusionsIt is important to identify and evaluate factors associated with developing a new diagnosis of OUD following hospitalization. This can inform pain management strategies within the hospital and at discharge, and prompt clinicians to screen for risk of OUD.